Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Perivascular adipose single-cell atlas identifies CD55 + adipose-derived stem cells as vascular remodeling regulators in atherosclerosis

doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-72962-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: A UMAP visualization of the scRNA-seq profiles showing ADSC subpopulations. B Heatmap of marker genes for CXCL14 + ADSC and CD55 + ADSC cells. C Density maps of CD55 and CXCL14 expression in ADSC subpopulations. D , E Gene Ontology enrichment analysis between the CXCL14 + ADSC and CD55 + ADSC subgroups (biological processes shown). F Violin plots comparing enrichment scores for “positive chemotaxis” and “positive regulation of vascular development” gene sets between CXCL14 + ADSCs and CD55 + ADSCs ( n = 10 patients). Box plots show median, 25th–75th percentiles (box), and 5th–95th percentiles (whiskers). The width of violin plot represents the kernel probability density of the data at different values. G Immunofluorescence staining of CD55 + ADSC (CD142 + CD55 + ) and CXCL14 + ADSC (CD142 + GPC3 + ) in PVAT. Scale bar = 25 μm. H Flow cytometry gating strategy and quantification of CD55 + ADSC (CD45 − CD142 + CD55 + ) and CXCL14 + ADSC (CD45 − CD142 + GPC3 + ) in CAS ( n = 14) vs. control ( n = 7) groups. I Immunofluorescence staining of capillaries (Isolectin B4 + ) and CD55 + ADSC (CD142 + CD55 + ) in PVAT. Scale bar = 30 μm. J Correlation of capillary-positive area (Isolectin B4 + ) between ADSC positive area (CD142 + ) and CD55 + ADSC positive area (CD142 + CD55 + ). K , L Correlation of capillary-positive area (CD31 + ) between ADSC ( n = 84) positive area and CD55 + ADSC ( n = 83) positive area. M Quantification of CD55 + ADSC positive area in asymptomatic ( n = 40) v.s. symptomatic ( n = 49) CAS, and in those with ( n = 31) v.s. without ( n = 58) stroke history. N Quantification of CD31-positive area in asymptomatic ( n = 40) v.s. symptomatic ( n = 53) CAS, and in those with ( n = 29) v.s. without ( n = 71) stroke history. Two-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum test with Benjamini–Hochberg correction was used for analyses in ( F ). Two-tailed unpaired t -test was used for analyses in ( H ). Two-tailed Spearman rank-order correlation analysis with linear regression in ( J – L ). Line: linear regression; shaded area: 95% confidence interval. Two-tailed Mann–Whitney test was used for analyses in ( M ) and ( N ). Representative immunofluorescence images of PVAT from 10 ( G ) and 100 ( I ) patients/samples. Error bars show mean ± SD. Data are presented as individual samples in ( H ) and ( J – N ). UMAP uniform manifold approximation and projection, CAS carotid artery stenosis, PVAT perivascular adipose tissue, ADSC adipose-derived stem cell. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: Experimental conditions included a serum-free negative control, a normal medium control, conditioned medium from CD55 + ADSCs (CD55 + ADSC-CM) and CXCL14 + ADSCs (CXCL14 + ADSC-CM), as well as CD55 + ADSC-CM containing 25 nM of the FGFR1 inhibitor PD173074 (HY-10321, MCE, China).

Techniques: Marker, Expressing, Chemotaxis Assay, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Flow Cytometry, Control, Two Tailed Test, MANN-WHITNEY, Derivative Assay

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Perivascular adipose single-cell atlas identifies CD55 + adipose-derived stem cells as vascular remodeling regulators in atherosclerosis

doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-72962-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: A Schematic of carotid partial ligation and intervention experimental procedures in C57 mice and Balb/c nude mice. This schematic was created in BioRender. Chen, J. (2026) https://BioRender.com/4l6sgra . B , C Evaluation of carotid artery remodeling following carotid ligation and murine ADSC transplantation in C57 mice. B Representative EVG staining. C Quantification of neointima and media remodeling across 8 sections (1400 μm span) for CXCL14 + ADSC ( n = 5), CD55 + ADSC ( n = 6), and control ( n = 4) groups. D , E Evaluation of capillary formation (CD31) and ADSC engraftment (GFP) after carotid ligation and murine ADSC transplantation in C57 mice. D Representative images. Scale bar = 50 μm. E Quantification of CD31 + area in ligated arteries. Groups and n values as in ( C ). F – H Vascular remodeling in nude mice after ligation and human ADSC transplantation. F Representative images of Oil Red O staining. Scale bar = 100 μm. G Representative images of EVG staining. Groups and n values as in ( H ). H Quantification of neointima remodeling based on EVG staining (across 8 sections spanning 1400 μm) for CXCL14 + ADSC ( n = 6), CD55 + ADSC ( n = 5), and control ( n = 5) groups. I – L Immunofluorescence assessment of angiogenesis and human ADSC engraftment in nude mice. I , J Representative images of capillary formation (Isolectin B4), human endothelial cell formation (human CD31), and ADSC engraftment (GFP). Scale bar = 100 μm. K Quantification of Isolectin B4 positive area. L Quantification of human CD31-positive area. Groups and n values as in ( H ). M t-SNE visualization and evolutionary tree of lineages from CD55 + ADSC and CXCL14 + ADSC of PVAT to CD31 + endothelial cells of plaque from the same patient with carotid stenosis. Two-tailed two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test was used for analyses in ( C ) and ( H ). Two-tailed one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test was used for analyses in ( E , K , and L ). Data are presented as individual samples in ( C , E , H , and K – L ). Data are presented as the mean ± SD. CAS carotid artery stenosis, PVAT perivascular adipose tissue, ADSC adipose-derived stem cell, ns no significance. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: Experimental conditions included a serum-free negative control, a normal medium control, conditioned medium from CD55 + ADSCs (CD55 + ADSC-CM) and CXCL14 + ADSCs (CXCL14 + ADSC-CM), as well as CD55 + ADSC-CM containing 25 nM of the FGFR1 inhibitor PD173074 (HY-10321, MCE, China).

Techniques: Ligation, Transplantation Assay, Staining, Control, Immunofluorescence, Two Tailed Test, Derivative Assay

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Perivascular adipose single-cell atlas identifies CD55 + adipose-derived stem cells as vascular remodeling regulators in atherosclerosis

doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-72962-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: During carotid stenosis, the expanded ADSC population includes distinct functional subsets. The CD55 + ADSC subset promotes plaque instability by migrating into lesions, potentially differentiating into endothelial cells, and secreting FGF2 to concurrently stimulate angiogenesis and a synthetic phenotypic switch in smooth muscle cells, resulting in neointimal hyperplasia. Conversely, the CXCL14 + ADSC subset functions in inflammatory recruitment by leveraging pathways like CXCL12-CXCR4 to attract macrophages and other immune cells. Furthermore, extensive cell-cell interactions within PVAT, particularly between these ADSCs and lymphocytes/myeloid cells, orchestrate a synergistic effect that amplifies chemotaxis and angiogenesis, ultimately accelerating the formation of unstable, clinically significant plaques that predispose to stroke. This schematic was created in BioRender. Chen, J. (2026) https://BioRender.com/uf4cxuu .

Article Snippet: Experimental conditions included a serum-free negative control, a normal medium control, conditioned medium from CD55 + ADSCs (CD55 + ADSC-CM) and CXCL14 + ADSCs (CXCL14 + ADSC-CM), as well as CD55 + ADSC-CM containing 25 nM of the FGFR1 inhibitor PD173074 (HY-10321, MCE, China).

Techniques: Functional Assay, Chemotaxis Assay

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: The contribution of the membrane-bound complement regulatory proteins CD46 and CD55 in phases of acute lymphocytic leukemia and acute myelogenous leukemia

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-33359-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: CD46 and CD55 mRNA expression in acute leukemia patients. CD46 and CD55 mRNA expression levels were measured using qRT-PCR in both AML and ALL patients, normalized to the housekeeping gene Beta-actin and results were compared to CD46 and CD55 mRNA expression levels in healthy controls by calculating the RQ value for each one of them. mRNA expression of mCRPs was significantly reduced in AML and ALL patients in comparison with healthy controls. Data are expressed as means ± SD of three independent experiments for each sample done in duplicates and statistical one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to estimate the significance of difference between the different groups. P < 0.001(***).

Article Snippet: Gene expression analysis for CD46 and CD55 was done using Taqman gene expression assays Hs00611257_m1 and Hs00892618_m1 (Thermofisher scientific, USA), respectively, with Beta Actin (Hs01060665 g1) being the housekeeping or reference gene.

Techniques: Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, Comparison

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: The contribution of the membrane-bound complement regulatory proteins CD46 and CD55 in phases of acute lymphocytic leukemia and acute myelogenous leukemia

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-33359-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: CD55 mRNA expression level based on gender differences. The expression level of CD55 in males and females showed a slight reduction in female AML patients compared to males, while the opposite was observed in ALL patients. Data are expressed as means ± SD of three independent experiments for each sample done in duplicates and statistical one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to estimate the significance of difference between the different groups.

Article Snippet: Gene expression analysis for CD46 and CD55 was done using Taqman gene expression assays Hs00611257_m1 and Hs00892618_m1 (Thermofisher scientific, USA), respectively, with Beta Actin (Hs01060665 g1) being the housekeeping or reference gene.

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: The contribution of the membrane-bound complement regulatory proteins CD46 and CD55 in phases of acute lymphocytic leukemia and acute myelogenous leukemia

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-33359-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: Flow cytometric analysis of the relative expression level of CD46 and CD55 proteins in AML and ALL patients. Flow cytometric analysis performed to measure the expression level of CD46 and CD55 in AML and ALL patients showed a significant reduction in CD46 expression in both types of acute leukemia patients. However, for CD55 a significant reduction was observed in AML patients only, while there was no significant difference observed in case of ALL patients. The expression level was calculated with reference to healthy controls. Data are represented as mean values ± SD for each sample done in duplicates, p < 0.05 (*).

Article Snippet: Gene expression analysis for CD46 and CD55 was done using Taqman gene expression assays Hs00611257_m1 and Hs00892618_m1 (Thermofisher scientific, USA), respectively, with Beta Actin (Hs01060665 g1) being the housekeeping or reference gene.

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: The contribution of the membrane-bound complement regulatory proteins CD46 and CD55 in phases of acute lymphocytic leukemia and acute myelogenous leukemia

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-33359-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: Flow cytometric analysis charts of CD46 and CD55 in healthy controls and acute leukemia patients’ peripheral blood samples. Flow cytometric analysis of the protein expression level of both CD46 and CD55 in the peripheral blood samples of acute leukemia patients showed a significant reduction in both proteins compared to healthy controls. Results shown are from a representative experiment. ( A ) CD46 expression in a healthy control. ( B ) CD46 expression in an AML patient. ( C ) CD46 expression in an ALL patient. ( D ) CD55 expression in a healthy control. ( E ) CD55 expression in an AML patient. ( F ) CD55 expression in an ALL patient.

Article Snippet: Gene expression analysis for CD46 and CD55 was done using Taqman gene expression assays Hs00611257_m1 and Hs00892618_m1 (Thermofisher scientific, USA), respectively, with Beta Actin (Hs01060665 g1) being the housekeeping or reference gene.

Techniques: Expressing, Control

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: The contribution of the membrane-bound complement regulatory proteins CD46 and CD55 in phases of acute lymphocytic leukemia and acute myelogenous leukemia

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-33359-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: ShRNA-mediated knockdown of CD46 and CD55 mCRPs expression on HSB-2 cells compared to the mock transfected controls. Knockdown of CD46 and CD55 protein expression in transfected cells was performed using shRNA silencing plasmids, each consisting of a pool of three different shRNA plasmids and PEI was used as the transfection reagent. Silencing of CD46 and CD55 proteins was done separately in addition to co-silencing of both proteins. Flow cytometric analysis was performed to measure the expression level of both proteins post transfection. Results showed a highly significant reduction in the expression level of both proteins. The percentage of inhibition was calculated relative to nonsilencing shRNA controls (= 100%) p < 0.001(***). ( A ) CD46 and CD55 proteins expression level post transfection compared to expression in mock transfected cells. ( B ) Flow cytometric analysis chart of a representative experiment showing protein expression of CD46 in HSB-2 transfected cells. ( C ) Flow cytometric analysis chart of a representative experiment showing protein expression of CD55 in HSB-2 transfected cells. ( D ) Flow cytometric analysis chart of a representative experiment showing protein expression of CD46 and CD55 in mock transfected cells.

Article Snippet: Gene expression analysis for CD46 and CD55 was done using Taqman gene expression assays Hs00611257_m1 and Hs00892618_m1 (Thermofisher scientific, USA), respectively, with Beta Actin (Hs01060665 g1) being the housekeeping or reference gene.

Techniques: shRNA, Knockdown, Expressing, Transfection, Inhibition

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: The contribution of the membrane-bound complement regulatory proteins CD46 and CD55 in phases of acute lymphocytic leukemia and acute myelogenous leukemia

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-33359-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: ShRNA-mediated combined knockdown of CD46 and CD55 mCRPs expression on HSB-2 cells compared to the mock transfected controls. ( A ) Co-silencing of CD46 and CD55 expression in transfected cells led to a highly significant reduction in the expression of both proteins( p < 0.001). A significant difference was observed between CD46 and CD55 knockdown( p < 0.05).The percentage of inhibition was calculated relative to nonsilencing shRNA controls (= 100%). p < 0.001(***), p < 0.05(*). ( B ) Flow cytometry analysis chart for CD46 and CD55 expression on HSB-2 cells transfected with combined CD46 and CD55 shRNA silencing plasmids. Dots in the third quadrant show the double negative expression for both CD46 and CD55 after knockdown of both CD46 and CD55 genes using combined CD46 and CD55 silencing shRNA plasmids.

Article Snippet: Gene expression analysis for CD46 and CD55 was done using Taqman gene expression assays Hs00611257_m1 and Hs00892618_m1 (Thermofisher scientific, USA), respectively, with Beta Actin (Hs01060665 g1) being the housekeeping or reference gene.

Techniques: shRNA, Knockdown, Expressing, Transfection, Inhibition, Flow Cytometry

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: The contribution of the membrane-bound complement regulatory proteins CD46 and CD55 in phases of acute lymphocytic leukemia and acute myelogenous leukemia

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-33359-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: Acute lymphocytic leukemia cells viability after silencing of mCRP. Viability of HSB-2 cells was analyzed after silencing of CD46 and CD55 protein expression separately as well as combined silencing of both proteins using shRNA plasmids. Cell viability was assessed using MTT reagent in the presence of NHS as a source of complement to mimic exposure to physiological complement. Cells had a reduced viability in the absence of CD46 ( p < 0.001) and CD55 ( p < 0.01) as well as in CD46 and CD55 co-silenced cells ( p < 0.01). These results demonstrate that CD46 and CD55 contribute to the protection of leukemic cells against complement attack, and that their complete depletion sensitizes cells to CDC, which directly links this assay to their contribution in immune escape. P < 0.01 (**), p < 0.001 (***).

Article Snippet: Gene expression analysis for CD46 and CD55 was done using Taqman gene expression assays Hs00611257_m1 and Hs00892618_m1 (Thermofisher scientific, USA), respectively, with Beta Actin (Hs01060665 g1) being the housekeeping or reference gene.

Techniques: Expressing, shRNA